Leaders | Big science

The Human Genome Project transformed biology

Yet for genomics to become a part of everyday medicine, the hard work is still ahead

^BHuman genome research.^b Hand holding one of the 60 trays which contain the entire human genome as 23,040 different fragments of cloned DNA. DNA (^Ideoxyribonucleic acid^i) is the substance which controls every characteristic of an organism. It is made up of two chains linked by bases. Specific sequences of bases are called genes, each of which performs a specific task within the living organism. The human genome project aims to find the base sequence of all the genes in human DNA, allowing for improved drug design and a greater understanding of genetic diseases. Photographed at the Sanger Centre in Cambridge, England.
Image: Science Photo Library

Twenty years ago the Human Genome Project (HGP) unveiled a mostly complete sequence of the roughly 3bn base pairs of DNA found in every set of human chromosomes. The project was chock-full of ego and hype, but also heralded the rapid improvements and dramatically lower costs of sequencing. This fed the success of the burgeoning field of genomics, which has transformed biology and medicine—and still holds plenty of promise.

This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline “Epic ambition”

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